Coronavirus COVID-19 Outbreak Research Articles

COVID-19 and emerging adults in India: A social representation approach

The outbreak and rapid spread of the novel coronavirus disease or COVID-19 had health, social and economic ramifications for people worldwide. Using the framework of Social Representation Theory, the present research attempts to understand how emerging adults (18–29 years) made sense of the COVID-19 outbreak, the role of collectives (organizations) in managing it, and the evolution of this understanding over time. The function of this theoretical perspective in the present study is to help make sense of the COVID-19 pandemic as a threatening event and in the process understand if responsibility or blame is attributed to specific collectives. Data was collected in two phases, from ten participants (four males and six females), aged 18–29 years residing in India. Semi-structured interviews were used to generate data. Findings have been discussed as ‘sociogenesis of COVID-19’, ‘role of collectives: heroes, villains, or on the fence’, ‘collective symbolic coping: making sense of collective threats’, and ‘the next normal: learnings from COVID-19). Finally, this study would have implications for research on social representation and its evolution, especially of emerging infectious diseases and the representation of collectives may also be used to reevaluate health policies and get better prepared for future emergencies.

Indian Traditional Medicine for COVID-19

Background: A novel coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak causing infectious respiratory disorders. COVID-19 disease has no specific treatment. In traditional medicinal system, different formulations are available for infectious diseases. Objective: This review discusses the significance and utilization of Siddha and Ayurvedic herbal formulations for COVID-19 treatment and provides scientific information regarding the phytochemistry and pharmacological profiles of Indian medicinal plants used in the formulation. Method: The information on medicine and medicinal plants was collected from research papers, review papers, and books available in several electronic databases, including Google Scholar, SpringerLink, and PubMed was explored as information sources. Results: Traditional medicinal plants are potentially used in formulations due to their inevitable therapeutic properties. Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of medicinal plants used in the formulations served as scientific proof for traditional medicine. Conclusion: The present study explored the great importance of Siddha and Ayurvedic formulations for COVID-19 treatment. Further scientific investigations are required to explore these formulations as widely acceptable.

The Identification of Covid-19 Fake News Factors on Social Media in Indonesia

Social media is a protocol for people’s interaction and disseminating new ideas. The spread of fake information can occur on social media because there is no control and verification from the legal account. During the COVID-19 corona virus outbreak, the government issued a self-isolation policy. However, people use social media to find information about COVID-19 and spread news about COVID-19 greedily, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, this study explores the factors influencing the spread of fake news related to COVID-19. The sampling used in this study was non-random/non-probability sampling with the Convenience Sampling technique, including two hundred and twenty-two respondences from several regions in Indonesia. These phenomenons are studied using the Uses and Gratification framework by eliminating entertainment variables, adding altruism motivation, and adding moderating variables for demographic factors of individual psychological well-being, including age, education, income, and gender. Data were analyzed using Smart Partial Least Squares (PLS) to determine the effect of five variables. The analysis results show that all the variables, e.g., altruism, socialization, time elapsed, information sharing, and information seeking, as well as moderating variables and demographic factors of individual psychological well-being have no positive and significant effect on the spread of fake COVID-19—news on social media in Indonesia.

Analysis and Design of Disease with Real Time Tracking System

The World Health Organization has classified the Covid-19 corona virus outbreak as a global pandemic. Lockdown and awareness (social distance, wearing of masks, etc.) among individuals are found to be the only ways to stop the community spread of this disease given the worrisome increase in affected cases around the world. Without widespread public awareness and proactive actions taken by the populace, it is exceedingly challenging to stop the communal transmission even during a lockdown in a highly populated nation like India. Recently, numerous containment zones across the nation were found and separated into red, orange, and green zones, respectively. The user can receive an alarm system from this programme if they search for or track any location, say they do so in an area that has been infected by the COVID-19 virus. The development of an Java to alert users to the Covid-19 containment zones and deter trespassing there is the primary topic of this article. The positions of the places on a map that are designated as containment zones are updated by this web application. The application also alerts users to the online database if they enter a containment zone. Therefore, this application can be utilized as a tool to raise social awareness of the growing need for people to take preventative action.

Islamophobia and Acts of Extremism Against Muslim Minorities in Sri Lanka Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Sri Lanka has witnessed many examples of anti-Muslim sentiment and violence since the end of the civil war, especially in 2014 when an ethnic outbreak affected large numbers of people. Sinhala monks and Buddhists appear to have played an important role in covering it. Long wars and ethnonationalist ideology have resulted in a politico-religious shift related to “Buddhist extremism”, which engages in embracing and attacking Muslims. This study uses the "library research" method, whose main data includes: books, journals, articles, and references related to research. Sri Lankan Islamophobia and anti-Muslim sentiment manifests itself in several dimensions such as campaigns warning of Halal products in food, Muslim women's clothing (Burqa), slaughter of livestock in Muslim religious rituals, attacks on mosques and Muslim-owned businesses, and mandatory cremation. for all Sri Lankans regardless of religion at the time of the Corona Virus (Covid-19) outbreak, and the closure of Islamic schools.

Pengembangan Mobile Learning Management System Berbasis Blended Learning pada Pembelajaran Masa WFH Pandemic Covid-19

The spread of the Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak, which has spread so quickly throughout the world, has caused anxiety and sadness for humanity to grieve. Starting from Wuhan China since the end of January 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) has determined the phenomenon of this incident as a pandemic. A pademic occurs when an infectious disease spreads easily from human to human in various places in all corners of the world. Until the last two weeks, cases of Covid-19 outside China have increased thirteen times, causing concern for the world community. This research tries to provide solutions to the problem of how to develop and access LMS for learning anywhere and anytime (ubiquitos learning) both online and offline, using mobile devices that have limited connections. The M-LMS application being developed will be in the form of a prototype that takes the open source Moodle LMS model, and will focus on only a few important modules, namely the Subject Description module, Assignment module, Quiz module, Subject matter module. In its implementation, this research will be divided into three stages, namely pre-development data collection, development and implementation, and post-development data collection. The pre-development data collection is intended to obtain provision for a preliminary study of the core problems being faced, while the development and implementation stages focus on modeling software designs into diagrams and creating programming code to implement the designs that have been made. While the post-development data collection stages are for improving the applications made, drawing conclusions, and suggestions for further research topics.

The effect of the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Outbreak on the content sharing of accommodation establishments in social media: The case of hotels in Ayvalık

İşletmeler, Web 4.0 teknolojisinin beraberinde gelişme gösteren sosyal medya platformlarını kullanarak kolaylıkla büyük kitlelere ulaşabilmektedirler. Özellikle konaklama işletmeleri, ürünlerinin tanıtımını yaparken duyusal unsurlardan da faydalanarak sosyal medya platformlarını etkili bir şekilde kullanabilmektedirler. Son zamanlarda Çin’de ortaya çıktıktan sonra tüm dünyayı kasıp kavuran Covid-19 virüsü salgınının turizm sektörüne büyük zararlar verdiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, salgın sürecinde konaklama işletmelerinin sosyal medya paylaşımlarının ne tür farklılıklar gösterdiğinin açığa çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin önemli bir destinasyonu olan Ayvalık’taki otel işletmelerinin Instagram sosyal medya platformu üzerinden gerçekleştirdikleri sosyal medya paylaşımlarını kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada, Ayvalık destinasyonundaki otel işletmeleri arasından dünyaca ünlü seyahat referans sitesi olan Tripadvisor’da müşteri puanına göre ilk onda yer alan işletmelerin sosyal medya paylaşımları incelenmiştir. Tripadvisor’da müşteri puanına göre ilk onda yer alan otel işletmelerinin gerçekleştirmiş oldukları Instagram paylaşımlarından Covid-19 Salgını ile ilgili olan 30 içerik, içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. İncelenen içerikler, Benoit’in (1997) İmaj Restorasyon Teorisi dikkate alınıp, Covid-19’a uyarlanarak kodlanmıştır. Yapılan içerik analizinde, otel işletmelerinin Instagram üzerinden yaptıkları paylaşım metinleri ve içerik paylaşımları vasıtasıyla verilen mesajlar “salgının insanlar üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini azaltma”, “salgının beraberinde getirebileceği olumsuzluklara karşı alınan önlemler” ve “salgın sürecini kabullenme” temaları altında incelenmiştir.

Al-Quran as Arabic Text and Women's Rights in Public Space; A Pragmatic Study of Women's Contributions to Overcoming the Corona Virus Outbreak

Currently, women play an indispensable role in social life. Many have positions of strategic importance. Their contribution is not restricted to the private domain but extends to the public sphere. Not insignificant numbers of people become leaders of organizations, social institutions, political parties, and even nations. However, it is regrettable that many religious leaders continue to place women in subordinate positions, particularly in religion and social life. This study examines the influence of the interpretation of the Arabic text in the Al-Quran on women's freedom of expression in the public domain. This study focuses on their right to join social institutions that help overcome the coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak. The question is, how does the Al-Qur'an view their freedom to express themselves in the public sphere? To answer this dilemma, we must first return the Al-Quran to its text as general meaning, then reinterpret it to fulfill a different context-appropriate purpose. The question is, how does the Al-Qur'an view their freedom to express themselves in the public sphere? To address this question, we must first return the Al-Quran to its general meaning before transforming it into another purpose that is appropriate for the context. As a result, the research employs linguistics as a science to evaluate interests from numerous angles.

Variations in local, transported, and exposure risks of PM2.5 pollution: Insights from long-term monitoring data in mega coastal city

Urban air quality is influenced by both local and external sources of pollution. The outbreak of Coronavirus COVID-19 had led to implementation of stringent lockdowns at different levels of governance. National Level Lockdown (NLL) was imposed in 2020 and State Level Lockdown (SLL), in 2021 to curb the spread of disease. A direct consequence of lockdown is the dramatic improvement of air quality in various urban agglomerations. The present study investigated the effects of national and regional lockdown on PM2.5 levels at various urban morphological units in the Chennai Metropolitan Region, the fourth-largest urban conglomeration in India. Hourly measurements of PM2.5 over a 6-year period (2016–2021) at three monitoring sites in Chennai were segregated into Pre-lockdown Phase (PLP) (2016–2019), NLL, and SLL to analyze reductions in PM2.5 levels. Local PM2.5 sources were investigated using Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) whereas transported PM2.5 was evaluated using Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) and Cluster Analysis. The results showed that PM2.5 in Chennai Metropolitan Region reduced by 33.45% during NLL and 48.95% during SLL when compared to PLP. Mann Kendall Test showed a statistically significant (p < .001) decreasing PM2.5 trend at Manali Monitoring Site, Alandur Monitoring Site, and Velachery Monitoring Site. CBPF showed variations in local contributions for all sites during the selected time frames. CWT and Cluster analysis showed reductions in transported PM2.5 during NLL and SLL when compared to PLP. Health Risk Assessment using Integrated Exposure Response (IER) model function showed a decreasing trend of excess mortality for various health endpoints over 6-year period. Steep reductions in excess mortality cases were observed during NLL and SLL. The results show that lockdown implemented at the state level proved to be more effective than the national level in reducing PM2.5 levels over Chennai metropolitan Region.

STRATEGY FOR INCREASING FOREIGN EXCHANGE INCOME IN THE TOURISM SECTOR IN CENTRAL ACEH USING THE COMPETITIVE DESTINATION OF HALAL TOURISM MODEL DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The impact of the Corona Virus (Covid-19) outbreak on the tourism industry, especially Indonesia, is certainly very influential. A number of cancellations of foreign and domestic tourist arrivals have occurred since the virus outbreak was announced. The plane seats are empty, as well as hotels, cruise operators, and other business potentials. Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy Sandiaga Uno assessed that the limited mobility of the community due to the Covid-19 pandemic and the closure of recreational and entertainment places had a considerable economic impact on the tourism sector. This study aims to formulate a strategy to improve the tourism sector in Indonesia which is declining amid the covid-19 pandemic with the incentive sales method in collaboration with airlines or foreign agents who bring foreign tourists to Indonesia with a specific purpose. will be given a subsidy depending on the number and duration of tourists visiting Indonesia. Through a strategy mechanism to reduce connectivity costs and a competitive destination model (CDM) to anticipate a decline in tourism performance. This scientific research also aims to provide recommendations for sustainable strategies for the Indonesian tourism sector, especially in the province of Aceh in running the tourism sector amid the Covid-19 pandemic. This type of research is a qualitative research using a mix method by conducting interviews with the target population, namely 100 business actors who play a role in driving the economy in the tourism object business in Aceh province and formulating a model for increasing the productivity of the tourism sector by introducing direct promotion methods and collaborating with the government in the process. development and improvement of the tourism sector. In this study, a focus group discussion will be held by inviting local officials from the Aceh provincial tourism office and academics to provide input in completing the model for developing a strategy for increasing tourism productivity by focusing on the incentive sales method. The output of this research is the publication of reputable international journals

ANALISIS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY SEBELUM DAN SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19 SERTA PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PERTAMBANGAN DI INDONESIA

The Indonesian government has designated the Corona Virus (Covid-19) outbreak as a national disaster in 2020 and is still ongoing until mid-2021. The pandemic has had a negative impact on the financial performance of companies that have been hit. On the other hand, the company is obliged to carry out corporate social responsibility (CSR) with poor financial performance conditions. Companies are faced with the decision to reduce the budget for csr implementation or implement CSR more actively to the community. The purpose of this study is to analyze the disclosure and ratio of CSR contributions before and during the Covid-19 pandemic and test the effect of disclosure and the ratio of CSR contributions to company value during the Covid-19 pandemic. The population in this study used companies permine listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019 and 2020. The taking of sample used purposive sampling technique so that it was obtained by 13 companies as sample. The data analysis methods used are paired sample t-test and multiple regression. The results show that there is no difference in the disclosure and ratio of CSR contributions before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. This makes it clear that the company continues to carry out CSR even though its financial performance is not good. In addition, the disclosure and ratio of CSR contributions during the Covid-19 pandemic has no effect on the value of the company. This shows that investors do not pay much attention to csr activities carried out by the company during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research practically contributes to the literature by suggesting that companies continue to carry out CSR as a form of responsibility for the impact resulting from company operations to be able to help reduce social problems.

Strategic Renewal Initiatives of Malaysia Hotel Industry in Response to Covid-19 Pandemic

The ruthless march of COVID-19 throughout the globe is first and foremost a human tragedy, affecting the health of hundreds of thousands of people. The consequences of measures taken worldwide to curb the pandemic are having a growing impact on the global economy. The recent outbreak of Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 has led to a global panic due to its fatal nature. Malaysia is currently being aware of this pandemic disease and the government has imposed Movement Control Order (MCO) for preventing the spread of this disease and hospitality industries are muchly impacted during the government orders. Drawing on the contingency theory of management, this research seeks to examine the effect of Covid-19 pandemic towards the hospitality management industries. Additionally, there is still limited research examining the impact of the pandemic towards hospitality industries in Malaysia. Keywords: Hotel Industry, Hotel Performance, Strategic Renewal Initiatives, Covid-19 Pandemic

KAJIAN LITERATUR FAKTOR – FAKTOR RISIKO PSIKOSOSIAL DI SEKTOR KONSTRUKSI SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19

The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 9, 2020, has determined the status of the COVID-19 corona virus outbreak as a global pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the construction sector operates 100% without restrictions. This causes workers in the construction sector not only to have a profound effect on physical health but also mental health. According to WHO, fear and anxiety about COVID-19 disease and other factors can affect work stress (WHO, 2020). This research method uses the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews &amp; Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) method which discusses construction and psychosocial factors in the construction sector. The factors found to be the most dominant in the literature review were stress and fatigue, family-work conflict, interpersonal relationships, work demands, work organization (job control), and working hours. Stress and fatigue can be both factors and effects that affect the state and performance of workers. These factors arise because the construction business process is so dense and has targets that must be pursued every time and demands from high management during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the Pandemic, the timeline changes and the pressure on their workers is to the point where they must pawn the safety of the workers to meet the predetermined time limit as if this was done under normal circumstances.   Keyword          : Risk Factors, Construction Sector, Psychosocial Factors, COVID-19 Pandemic

EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL TRAINING TO IMPROVE THE OPTIMISM ATTITUDE IN MANDIRI ENTERPRISES: LITERATURE REVIEW

A pandemic due to the coronavirus (covid-19) outbreak has caused many negative impacts, one of which is in the form of massive losses in the economic sector. Business actors are under pressure from a significant decline in income; as a result, many of them experience a decrease in optimism about the sustainability of their business. However, there are several ways to increase optimism, one of which is psychological capital training. This study aims to look at psycap training in increasing the optimism of business actors in dealing with the coronavirus pandemic. This study uses a literature review method with the data source in the form of research data that has been done previously. The results of the literature review show that psychological capital training can increase one's optimism so that it can use to increase the optimism of business actors.

Understanding English Terms in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic to Teachers and Students Raudhatul Ulum Education Foundation Riduan, Dusun XII Celawan Village, Pantai Mirrin District, Serdang Bedagai Regency

This Community Service activity is understanding English terms during the Covid-19 pandemic to Teachers and Students of the Raudhatul Ulum Riduan Education Foundation, Hamlet XII, Celawan Village, Pantai Cermin District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. As it is known that in early March 2020, the Corona Virus (Covid-19) outbreak began to spread to Indonesia. The epidemic, which originally came from China, is an epidemic that spreads easily, so the WHO (World Health Organization) has issued many recommendations and instructions to the world to curb this epidemic. Because WHO is a world health organization, the terms issued are of course in English. For people in Indonesia, especially those who do not understand English, of course these terms sound foreign. Even though these terms contain important information and advice in this Covid-19 pandemic situation. The final goal to be achieved in this service is the understanding of teachers and students of these English terms so that they can fully implement the suggestions and instructions contained in these English terms.

Radiation safety for pregnant women with COVID-19: a review article

In the midst of the catastrophic outbreak of coronavirus COVID-19, potentially life-saving treatments for pregnant women cannot be ignored. Pulmonary infection or pneumonia is a common complication of COVID-19. Radiologic imaging plays a critical role in both controlling the disease and evaluating the consequences of coronavirus COVID-19 pneumonia. Lung ultrasound (LUS) and chest-computed tomography (CT) are the most commonly used procedures to detect and treat COVID-19 and can predict and prognosticate the impact on patients of COVID-19. In this context a deep understanding of the effects of ionizing radiation and its hazards is required and radiological examinations should be used cautiously in pregnant women. The aim of this review is to discuss radiation protection issues for pregnant women with COVID-19 during radiological examination with regard to the effects on the fetuses. An evaluation of electronic databases for publications in English was performed for coronavirus, symptoms, detection, and radiation risk in pregnancy. In such circumstances, international rules or standard protocols need to be established to assist physicians and radiologists in the necessary measures for detection, control and follow-up of COVID-19 during pregnancy. The review found that lung examinations with LUS are an effective alternative to CT.

The 2022 On-site Padua Days on Muscle and Mobility Medicine hosts the University of Florida Institute of Myology and the Wellstone Center, March 30 - April 3, 2022 at the University of Padua and Thermae of Euganean Hills, Padua, Italy: The collection of abstracts.

In the autumn of 2021, the 2022 Padua Days of Muscle and Mobility Medicine (PDM3) was planned to be held from March 30 to April 2, 2022. Despite the fact that Coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak continued to impose restrictions all over the world, the program was planned with Scientific Sessions to occur over three full days at either the University of Padua Aula Magna or the Hotel Petrarca on the Thermae of Euganean Hills (Padua), Italy. During the winter the epidemic worsened, but waned by early February 2022, allowing confirmation of the planned On-site Meeting. The success of submission of abstracts (over 100 abstracts, i. e., three times the previous years) is attributable to the fact that the 2022 On-site PDM3 is a combined meeting, hosting the spring Meeting of the Myology Institute and Wellstone Center of the University of Florida, USA. The first three days will include a large series of presentations of the University of Florida scientists and clinicians and of their Invited Speakers from Canada, France, Switzerland Italy and the U.K. European researchers and clinicians from France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Slovenia, Russia and UK fill the program of last two days. To provide slot times to young Speakers, the 2022 On-site PDM3 was extended to April 3, 2022. The Collection of s is e-published in the 32(1) 2022 Issue of the European Journal of Translational Myology (EJTM), together with the detailed Program organized in the Aula Magna of the University of Padua (March 30) and for March 31 - April 3, 2022 at the Conference Halls of Hotel Petrarca of the Thermae of Euganean Hills (Padua), Italy. The Program ends late on Sunday April 3, 2022 with an invitation to join the 2023 PDM3, March 27 – 31 at the Thermae of Euganean Hills (Padua), Italy. You are invited to join and to submit your Communications to the European Journal of Translational Myology and to a Special Issue of the Journal diagnostics, MDPI, Basel. Both journals will provide 50% discount to the first 15 accepted typescripts.

Alternative Media in Supporting Learning in Indonesia During The Covid-19 Pandemic

This study aims to determine the level of understanding of lecturers and students, especially universities in Indonesia, on the use of alternative media in the form of video conferences in supporting lectures in Indonesia in the midst of the current corona virus (covid-19) outbreak. The alternative media in question are Zoom Meet, Google Meet, Skype, Webex, and Discord, where each of these media has a different function but to achieve the same goal. Able to support lectures in Indonesia in the midst of the corona virus (covid-19) outbreak by using alternative media such as video conferencing. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach where the meaning of the descriptive qualitative approach itself is research that uses qualitative data and then developed descriptively, this type of research is a combination of qualitative and descriptive approaches. The subjects of this study were all lecturers and students at universities in Indonesia, in which it was clear that video conferencing was widely used and played a role in supporting the learning process at the university level in Indonesia in the midst of the corona virus outbreak.

Hubungan Stres dan Strategi Coping bagi Mahasiswa Fakultas Teknik di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

The 2019 coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak has become a global catastrophe that has spread rapidly. To stop the spread of the disease, almost every country has implemented public health measures. Many colleges have turned to online teaching for the safety of academics and students. Students are trapped in a pandemic condition and have to accept the fact that they are not effectively undergoing lectures. Students and lecturers experience disturbances in the education system. This of course creates stress. Therefore, coping strategies to reduce stress are needed to prevent the harmful effects of prolonged stress. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stress and coping strategies. This study uses a quantitative descriptive and correlation research methodology in collecting the required information. The participants of this research are 30 students of the Faculty of Engineering who will participate and answer questions in virtual interviews via zoom. The analytical tool is correlation. The results of the study found that there was a strong relationship between academic stress and coping strategies

Students' Online Distance Learning Readiness for Mathematics and Statistics Courses

In early January 2020, the whole world including Malaysia was threatened by the outbreak of coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic.  In Malaysia, phases of Movement Control Order (MCO) were enforced to curb the spread of Covid-19 pandemic, and because of that, educational institutions were affected where learning must be continued by modifying face-to-face learning in campus to remote Online Distance Learning (ODL) at home for all the courses offered. This study investigates any significant difference between students’ ODL readiness dimensions for mathematics/statistics courses and the influence of students’ ODL readiness dimensions on mathematics/statistics performance. This research referred to five dimensions from the Online Learning Readiness Scale (OLRS); computer and internet self-efficacy, self-directed learning, learner control, motivation for learning, and online communication self-efficacy to measure students’ ODL readiness. Data were collected from 511 students in Universiti Teknologi MARA Melaka Branch of academic session March – July 2020 who took mathematics/statistics courses online. The statistical analyses used for this study were One-way repeated analysis of variance, one-way multivariate analysis of variance (one-way MANOVA) and multiple regression analysis. Results revealed that students taking statistics course showed higher readiness scores in computer and internet self-efficacy, and self-directed learning than students taking mathematics course. The results also show that students’ mathematics/statistics performance was influenced by self-directed learning in ODL. As a conclusion, students taking statistics course were more prepared and performed better in learning through ODL than students taking mathematics course.